团队海洋安全器材清单，海洋定级 海洋舟训练－美国加拿大北美洲

kurtyang04 · 2014-04-07 23:02

我决定把级别和北美一贯化，　同时用俩标准（翻译未完成）。

简式算法（水温〉二十度
http://www.nspn.org/trip-levels/

精确算法

http://tsunamirangers.com/articles/sea-conditions-kayaking-difficulty-rating-system/

Rating Sea Conditions
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Sea Conditions Rating System
by Eric Soares
When scouting a river, kayakers will duck into an eddy or climb out and take a look at what lies ahead in the next set of rapids. They note hazards and lay out a route. What they see is what they get. River conditions remain constant during a short time period. But the ocean changes quickly, all the time. You can scout from on the water or from on land. But what you see is not necessarily what you get. So scouting becomes more difficult and complex. What is needed is a way to classify general danger and difficulty on the sea, so you know whether it’s too extreme for you to kayak that day.
River Difficulty System
River runners have devised an international classification system to rate the difficulty and danger of a river section or rapid, based on factors such as flow and gradient. It works like this: Class I is moving water with only a few riffles, waves and obstructions. Class II has small rapids, waves up to three feet, wide and clear channels with some maneuvering needed. Class III has rapids with high, irregular waves, and narrow passages with complex maneuvering. Class IV has long and difficult rapids with constricted passages requiring precise maneuvering and Eskimo rolls, and dangerous conditions which make rescue difficult. Class V has extremely long, difficult and very violent rapids which require very precise techniques, and loss of life is possible in a mishap. Class VI is Class V taken to an extreme; conditions are nearly impossible, suitable for a team of experts only, and loss of life is probable in a mishap. The rating system is subjective, but an indicator of what a boater is getting into. For example, if you don’t have a reliable roll, you should stay out of water rated Class III or above. Also, a river’s rating may go up in the winter when it’s cold outside or if the river flow increases.
Sailors use the Beaufort Wind Scale to rate conditions caused by wind while in a sail boat at sea in navigable waters. The Beaufort scale is useful but does not account for being in a small kayak in surf or rock gardens. We sea kayakers need our own rating system which accounts for wind and other relevant variables, yet can be converted to a class system akin to the one river runners use, so you can decide if sea conditions are classed too high for your skill level.
Scouting the Sea
Since the sea is jazzy, complex, and changes over time, you should really take your time when scouting before setting out. First, check weather reports for an approaching storm or big swells. Assuming the weather doesn’t scare you off, assess the conditions when you reach the water’s edge. Get with your partners, and go through the Sea Conditions Rating Scale (SCRS) point by point. Discuss each factor until you reach consensus. Then move on to the next item. When finished, tally the score, convert to a class I-VI system, and determine whether everyone in your group can safely partake that day.
When using the scale, be sure to account for the worst conditions likely to be experienced on your outing. For example, it may be breezy and flat and safe at the put-in, but the wind may be howling around the point with big swells and no safe place to take out. If you intend to paddle to the point, those potential conditions must be given their due. Account for the passage of time. For example, if the tidal current is slack when departing but will rage at six knots when you reach the shoals in two hours, factor that in.
Note that the scale rates general conditions and does not account for freak occurrences such as rogue waves, waterspouts, and the like. Should you suspect inclement weather (such as a lightning storm), even though the weather report states otherwise, don’t go out.
We recommend you practice with the scale and assist beginners who use it, since they are less skilled at reading conditions. Eventually, you should be able to calculate the factors in your head, and not need to have the SCRS in hand. As you peruse the SCRS, take a minute and recall the conditions on your last outing; or better, on your most harrowing outing. What was the Class rating, and were you within your skill level?
Sea Conditions Rating System (SCRS)
Factor Computation Method Maximum Points Score
1-Water Temperature 1 point for each degree below 72F 40 ____
2-Wind Speed 1 point per mph of wind speed 50+ ____
3-Wave Height 2 points per vertical wave foot 40+ ____
4-Swim Distance to Safety 1 point per 100 meters 20 ____
5-Breaking Waves 30 points if waves are breaking 30 ____
6-Rock Garden 20 points if paddling in rocks 20 ____
7-Sea Cave 20 points if entering sea caves 20 ____
8-Night 20 points if it is night 20 ____
9-Fog Up to 20 points if fog is dense 20 ____
10-Miscellaneous 10 points or more for other danger 10+ ____
TOTAL POINTS = ______
Divide total points by 20 to obtain CLASS LEVEL = ______
Scoring Directions: Scope out the sea using instruments or conservative estimates, and rate each of the 10 factors. Add scores and divide the sum by 20. Scores up to 1.9 are Class I–easy to moderate difficulty, danger, and skills required; Class II (2.0 to 2.9)–intermediate difficulty, danger, and skills required; Class III (3.0 to 3.9)–advanced difficulty, danger, and skills (e.g., a reliable roll and self-rescues a must); Class IV (4.0 to 4.9)–extreme conditions, advanced techniques required, loss of life possible; Class V (5.0 to 5.9)–very extreme, life threatening conditions ; Class VI (6.0+)–nearly impossible conditions, suitable only for a team of experts, loss of life probable in a mishap.
Descriptions of Factors
Each of the 10 factors has been weighted depending upon its difficulty and/or danger. Before first using the scale, read factor descriptions to better understand the variable’s importance and calculation method. Note that the first four factors always apply to any sea kayaking endeavor, even in a protected harbor.
Factor 1, water temperature, starts at 72F, because that is a temperature most people can swim comfortably in, and it happens to be 40F above freezing. Remember, cold water is the number one kayak killer, so it receives a lot of weight in the algorithm. However, it takes no skill, only the proper nutrition and clothing (wetsuits, drysuits) to compensate for cold water. Also, air temperature is usually not that important, since cold water takes away body heat 20 times faster than the same air temperature. To calculate factor 1, subtract the water temperature from 72 and the remainder is the score. Using a thermometer to measure the actual water temperature is superior to an imprecise, subjective estimate.
Factor 2, wind speed, is similar to flow rate in rivers. The more wind, the more difficult and dangerous conditions become. Wind is also fickle; it may increase or decrease at a moment’s notice. That’s why we give it so many potential points. Windspeed can be observed using the Beaufort scale or measured with an anemometer. Remember to assess it in an exposed area (not in a lee). Calculation of wind speed score is simple; the score is the same as the high mean wind speed in statute mph. If the wind is blowing at 15 mph but gusting frequently at 25 mph, then record 25 mph for factor 2.
Wave height, factor 3, like wind speed, is measured in actual vertical feet. Watch the waves for a few minutes to make sure you see the biggest waves, then estimate the high mean vertical wave height from trough to crest, not the slope (face) of the wave, and multiply by two to obtain factor 3. Wave height is measured separately from whether the wave is breaking (factor 5).
Factor 4 is the “how long can you tread water?” variable. It represents an estimate of how far you would have to swim to reach a safe shore or safe place should you lose your boat. Each interval of 100 meters is represented by 1 point, up to 2,000 meters or more, over a mile, at which point, assume you will be awaiting rescue (20 points). If anyone in your party cannot swim 100 meters to safety, or there is no safe place to take out even if you could swim (say up against a cliff), or a combination of factors would make self-rescue improbable, assign 20 points to factor 4. If you will be making a long crossing (20 points), bring communication devices so you can be located and rescued.
Factor 5 is breaking waves. If waves over two feet are breaking , add 30 points. We give factor 5 a lot of weight because waves become much more powerful when they break on the sea floor. If special circumstances are operating in the surf zone, such as a strong rip current or extra steep beach break, add more points when you compute factor 10, miscellaneous conditions.
Factor 6 is a rock garden. If you intend to paddle into it, add 20 points. Do the same for Factor 7, a sea cave. If waves (factor 5) are breaking onto a rock garden (factor 6) and you go through it to get into a sea cave (factor 7), add 30+20+20 to get a combined factor of 70, divide by 20 to obtain 3.5 (Class III)–and that’s before you add in the first four required factors!
Factors 8 and 9, night and dense fog conditions, reduce visibility and each rate an automatic 20 points (one class increase). If they appear together, add 40 points to your total which increases the risk two whole classes.
Factor 10 is a hodgepodge category to score unusual, temporary, or local hazards such as ship traffic 10 or more points. An area noted for shark attacks, dumping waves, or a strong rip current would each receive an extra 10 points. Other miscellaneous factors to consider include strong rip tides, significant tidal currents, extremely cold air, intense rain or hail, icebergs, and flotsam.
Sample Situations Using the SCRS
Here are typical examples for each Class. For Class I, say Princeton Harbor in the summer, the water temperature is 52F (20 points), wind speed is 10 mph (10 points), wave height is one foot (1 point), swim distance to safety is 400 meters (4 points), and there are no other factors. Points total 35, divide by 20 = 1.75. Just about any kayaker wearing proper clothes who can swim can safely paddle here. If we add dense fog (20 points) to this equation, we’d total 55, divide by 20 = 2.75. Now it’s Class II+, still doable, but more dangerous. So you see, even a small, protected harbor on a calm day may rate higher than Class I.
If you wanted to kayak surf at a break on a typical day at Montara Beach, you would calculate the difficulty like this. Water temperature is 52F (20), wind speed is 8 mph (8), wave height is five feet (10), maximum swimming distance to safety is 200 meters (2), and you are in a surf zone (30). Your point total is 70, divided by 20 = 3.5, so it’s Class III. Since it is Class III, you know you are paddling in rough conditions and must have a good roll and rescue skills. If you observe local factors operating, such as an exceptionally steep beach break, dumping surf, and/or a strong rip current, you might add 10 or more points and recompute your score.
Say you wanted to play in the rock garden just south of Montara Beach on the same day. You add 20 points because of the rock garden (everything else remains the same) and achieve a new total score of 90, divided by 20 = 4.5–Class IV. This is extreme sea kayaking and requires advanced navigation and paddling skills. This is best attempted with a competent team, never alone.
Say you wanted to explore the nearby Montara sea cave in the same conditions. You are still in six-foot surf and rocks. So, the cave adds yet another 20 points for a total of 110, divide by 20 = 5.5–Class V. This cave, in these conditions, should only be explored by a team of experts, because even though the waves aren’t that high, they compress in caves and you could be entrapped or smashed.
Needless to say, Class VI should not be attempted, unless you and your team of experts are prepared for possible death. What constitutes a Class VI in sea kayaking with no surfzones, rocks or caves? How about a 12-mile storm kayaking trip across San Francisco Bay like I took several years ago (read the complete story on pages 88-93 in Sea Kayaker’s DEEP TROUBLE by Matt Broze and George Gronseth). On that day, water temperature was 55F (17 points), the wind was predicted to be 40 mph (40 points) in the middle of the bay, the waves were eight feet high (X2 = 16) and breaking (30) due to the interaction of the 6-knot ebb current with the incoming wind and waves, and it was too far and difficult to swim to safety (20). The score that day was 123 points, divided by 20 = 6–Class VI. Sound dangerous? It was. Read the story to find out why one should not kayak alone in Class VI conditions.

kurtyang04 · 2014-04-08 14:36

我会去翻译。

这基本是国际标准。统一标准就是方便交流，包括国际。

如果您在国外租船，店主问划过几级，这个回答店主就知道水平大概在什么范围内。

美国虽然有ACA的考证，但不是特别受推崇，ACA只是基本功的表示，海洋白水安全最主要的因素是实战经验。譬如我们这儿很知名的NORTH SHORE 俱乐部，本来还属于ACA地方支部，如今不但退出，而且很少提ACA。

kurtyang04 · 2014-04-08 16:45

Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Paddling will be on very sheltered water with easy access to the shore.
Paddling will be on lakes, sheltered rivers, harbors, tidal estuaries, etc.
Paddling may involve limited exposure to open ocean with access to sheltered water or landing near at hand (less than one mile).
Paddling may involve significant exposure to open ocean with limited access to shelter. May require paddling in open ocean for several miles to reach shelter.

kurtyang04 · 2014-04-08 16:51

1级：是保护非公开水域， 而且离岸比较近

2级：湖，受保护非公开的潮汐河，港口，潮汐湖

3级：半公开水域， 有限地与开放海洋交集，离岸或安全岛最近不超过1.6 公里

4级：开放水域，离陆地或安全岛最近有3-12公里距离。

kurtyang04 · 2014-04-08 16:52

Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Wind
Some
10 knots
15 knots
25 knots
Waves/Chop
Minimal
1  foot
2 feet
4 feet
Surf
Minimal
1 foot
2 feet
4 feet
Current
Minimal
1 knot
2 knots
4 knots
Distance
2 miles
10 miles
15 miles
20+ miles

kurtyang04 · 2014-04-08 16:56

1级：风小于10节， 浪小于0.3米，几乎没有潮汐洋流， 划行距离：3公里

2级：风10节， 浪0.3米，潮汐洋流1节， 划行距离：16公里

3级：风15节， 浪0.6米，潮汐洋流2节， 划行距离：24公里

4级：风25节， 浪1.3米，潮汐洋流4节， 划行距离：〉32公里

kurtyang04 · 2014-04-08 16:58

Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Paddle
None
Forward, reverse, sweep
Level 2 skills.
Correcting and boat handling strokes.
Solid bracing.
Level 3 skills.
Strong bracing skills. Surf skills.
Tidal current skills.
Rescue
None
Wet exit
Wet exit, paddle float self rescue, partner rescue
Level 3 skills
Rescues and tows.
Reliable roll or very strong bracing.
Pace
None
None
2-3 knots
4 knots
Other
None
None
Basic trip safety
Basic navigation
Trip planning Environmental conditions
Charts, navigation, VHF, environmental conditions, trip planning and emergency   procedures
Desirable   Experience
None
Basic class in kayak safety and paddle strokes
Level 2 trips or equivalent.
Class in rescues and tows
Level 3 trips or equivalent.
Level 3 classes.
Classes in trip planning, safety, and navigation.

kurtyang04 · 2014-04-08 17:09

技能要求：

1级： 无

2级：浆法：前进，后退，转弯（横扫）

救援：　　　湿退出

速度：　　　无要求

要点：　　　基本安全知识和基本浆法

３级：浆法：　２级，再加横向移动浆法，　熟练压平衡（bracing)

救援：　　　湿退出，　浮力袋自救，和团队救援，　基本的拖船法

速度：　　　２－３节

要点：　　　基本海洋舟安全技能，基本定向和定位，　基本策划，和环保概念

４级：浆法：　３级，再加强大的压平衡（bracing)，冲浪经验，潮汐洋流经验（相当激流）

救援：　　　３级＋　熟练翻滚　熟练的拖船法

速度：　　　４节

要点：　　熟练定向和定位，熟练策划，紧急救援处理，读海洋图，救援信号，高级环保概念，　安全控制经验

kurtyang04 · 2014-04-24 20:59

下周开始我们训练新人，再加强训练老人：

我们有史以来的第一个纲要：

训练的Level 1 课（一次活动）：

熟悉器材，船，奖和救生衣
个人gears交流
基本浆法
分析海洋舟安全事故机理：与船同在，爬上船， 水温， 离岸距离，风浪
认识海洋： 潮汐，水流， 浪的分类， 天气
抽水泵
懂得自救和团队救援的机理 （不下水）
安全原则和纪律

训练的Level 2 课（一次活动）：

入水湿退出， 团队救援练习，多次爬船练习，浮力袋自救
定位和读海洋图

训练的Level 3 课（数次活动）
draw, brace 浆法练习
翻滚练习
风浪中的LEAN， 前行练习， surfing landing
风浪中上船练习， 风浪中的团队练习
拖船练习，advanced 救援
激流中： EDDIE TURN， FERRY练习
规划，先锋和断后练习
精确定位 ，指南针
救援信号