白水安全和救护（书）

行走66 · 2010-02-10 15:46

以下翻译只是按照我的理解大概做了一下，有很多地方翻得不对的，请大家指正。

第一章 白水安全 1 Principles of safety 安全法则

关于作者：

1 Principles of safety 安全法则

Whitewater safety and rescue can appear a complex subject.However, it can be distilled into a few basic principles.These should be constantly borne in mind throughout the rest of this book. The mnemonic CLAP may help you remember them.

白水安全和救护表面上看似乎是一个复杂的项目。其实，可以提炼成几个小的基本法则。这些将被持续地在本书后面的部分进行描述，使用CLAP可以帮助你记住它们。

C communication L line of sight A avoidance P positioning

Communication 交流

Misunderstandings must be avoided at all costs. 避免误会。

Signals,intructions and briefings must be simple,clear and concise.Do not make assumptions.If necessary,question to check understanding.

信号、指示、指令必须简单清晰，不要让人误解。如果需要，请发问确认是否明白。

When using signals:

* Point at where to go, rather than at the hazard. 指出走哪里，比冒险好。

* Confirm understanding by repeating the same signal. 重复同样的信号，确认已经理解。

Line of Sight 列队要在视线范围内

Never run anyting blind. 不要跑到大家看不到的地方

There are two facets to this:

* Paddlers can only choose a line and assess the level of risk if they are in a position to see what is coming.

行船要选择路线是能看清楚状况的。

* All members of the group should remain in the line of sight of at least one other member of the group.

队伍中的队员至少要能看到队伍中一个队员。

Avoidance is Better than Cure. 防范比事后补救好

This covers a number of important guidelines: 重要的方针：

* Mutual Support --Paddlers should paddle as a mutually supportive team. 互相支持

* Preparation and palnning pervent poor perfomance。 事先准备和计划

* Clean Profile -- No knots or handles on your throw line, no loose or unnecessary straps on your Personal Rlotation Device(PFD),nothing that will increase the risk of snagging/entrapment.
保持整洁---不要在你的船上挂乱七八糟的东西，那会增加被障碍物钩到的危险。

* Assess the Risk -- and make your own decisions accordingly. 评估风险

* Talk,Reach,Throw,Tow,Go(TRTTG)-- Go for the low risk options first. 首先选择低风险的路径

* Plan B -- Ask yourself "What if?" and work out a back-up plan. B计划--问自己“如果。。。要怎样？”和制定一个备选计划

* Kiss--Keep it short and simple. 尽量简单

* Nothing a rescuer does should make the victim worse off.

Position of Maximum Usefulness 处于最有利的地形

Being in the right place at the right time is the key. 在对的地方和对的时间是关键

* When protecting a rapid, paddlers should position themselves so as to cover the highest risk. This usually means covering the problems that are most likely to occur, rather than the most dangerous hazard.

* Look to your own safety -- If you get into trouble you can't help anyone else.
让你自己安全---如果你陷入危机，你将不能帮助别人

行走66 · 2010-02-10 15:52

先打出来，有空慢慢翻译，英文好的同学也可以帮忙翻译一起学习，呵呵

2 Reading Whitewater 读水（1）

Figure 2-1 Directions and flow on straight section of river
图2-1 江水直行的方向和流向

Knowledge is power. Only by understanding how moving water behaves can we use it, and by so doing avoid unnecessary or unacceptable levels of danger.
知识就是力量。只有理解怎样在水面行船，我们才会避免危险。

Directions
方向

The terms we use for ginving directions on the river. 水面的方向术语

When giving directions or describing a feature on a river, it is important to use the same language so as to avoid misunderstandings.
如图所示，为避免误解，图中标出了以下术语

river left downstream upstream river right
江左 下流 上流 江右

Upstream is where the water is flowing from and downstream is where it is flowing to. River right and left are simply right and left when faceing downstream.
江左和江右是当你面对下流时的左右

Straight Section of River

As a genneral rule, when a river is running in a straight line the current is strongest in the middle and weakest near the banks.通常来说，一个江面中间水流速度比江边的水流速度要快。

MAIN FLOW--Away from the friction caused by contact with the banks, the current flows at its fastest. The layer nearest the river bed is the slowest and the layer just beneath the surface is the fastest. This is because the surface layer is slowed down a little by the friction caused by contact with the air.

主要水流--

Helical Flow
螺旋水流

Figure 2-2 shows a cross-section of helical flow at river banks.
图2-2 一个在江岸边形成螺旋水流的横截面图

There may be a shallow counter current very close in to the bank. These create minute eddies that can be exploited by the boater. However, because they are relatively shallow, they are of little help to a swimmer.
在江边也许会形成一个弱的逆流回流。当船行走时也会产生片刻的回流。然而，因为它们太弱，对于游泳者来说帮助很小。

The friction provided by the banks slows the current down and causes it to spiral in such a way that the surface water near the edges of a fast flowing, straight sided river can push a swimmer away from the bank. Therefore one should never assume that swimmers are safe, even if they are swimming strogly, until they are actually out of bank. Despite this, it si far easier to get ashore against the relatively slow helical flow than where the powerful main flow sets into the bank.
在岸边表面的水流比较快，而形成螺旋的水流比较慢，因此直流水流将游泳者推离岸边，对于游泳者来说并不安全，即使是他是个游泳健将。尽管如此，对于相对较慢的螺旋水流比更快更强壮的主水流来说比较容易上岸。

Flood Channels 防洪坝

Where the banks of a wtercourse are smooth sided there may be no helical flow and the main flow runs right up to the bank. This usually happens in man-made structures such as flood relief channels and cannalized rivers.
当河道岸边很光滑时，也许会没有螺旋水流，主流runs right up to the bank.(这句不太明白）这通常发生在人工堤坝，例如防洪坝或者运河中。

Bends in the River
弯曲的江水

Figure 2-3 The main current will always go towards the outside of a bend. On the outside of a bend the water is deep and fast where the main flow sets right into the bank. On the inside it is slow and shallow. Because of the erosion thus caused, undercut banks and overhanging trees are often a hazard. Undercut bankes can be doubly dangerous as there may be tree roots or debris whic can act as a "strainer" and trap a swimmer.

图2-3 当主水流通常在转弯的时候，转弯的外面水流比较深比较急，而转弯内部的水相对比较慢和浅。由于这样，岸边的树木底部泥土被水冲刷之后通常变得很危险，由于树木的根部或一些垃圾堆积，如同一个滤网，危险增加双倍，通常会困住游泳者。

行走66 · 2010-02-11 15:54

2 读水（2）

Upstream & Downstream Vs
上流和下流的V性水流

Rocks that are just above or just below the surface are usually indicated by a V shape on the surface of the water. The point of the letter V is pointing upstream. Conversely, the route taken by the main flow of water is indicated by a letter V shape whose point is pointing downstream. This "tongue" of clear water usually indicates the best route.
正好位于水面或刚好在水面下的岩石通常形成V型水流。主流水域的路由为V型指向下流的方向。这个舌型水流通常指向最好的路由。

Figure 2-5 right, V tongue of water pointing the way. Rio Chotohuasi, Peru.
图2－5，右图，V舌型水域指向最好的路由

Figure 2-6 below, upstream and downstream Vs,viewed from above.
图2－6，左图，上流和下流的V型水域，从上往下看

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
Rooster Tails
公鸡尾巴

In a fast flowing river which has a steep gradient, a rock that is only just converd may be indicated by a "rooster tail", a plume of white frothy water.
在一个具有陡坡的很快水流江面，一个岩石正好覆盖形成一个“公鸡尾巴”，白色羽毛部分形成4级水域。

Figure 2-7 small rooster tail over a bearly coverd rock.
图2－7 上图，正好覆盖在岩石上的小的公鸡尾巴
Figure 2-8 going left to avoid the obvious rooster tail, Rio Susisa,Bolivia. Photo:Mark Rainsley.
图2－8 下图，往左行驶回避公鸡尾巴。

行走66 · 2010-02-11 16:14

Eddies 漩涡

Wherever flowing water is forced around an obstruction, an "eddy" is formed. This is caused by a counter current flowing in the opposite direction to the main flow, to fill what would otherwise be a hole!
当流水被迫环绕一个障碍物时，一个“漩涡”就形成了。这将形成一个与主流水流相反的逆流，中间形成一个大洞。

Figure 2-9 (left) an eddy formed behind a midstream boulder. 图2－9（左图）在河中央一个巨石后面形成漩涡
Figure 2-10 (right) an eddy formed by an obstruction on bank. 图2－10（右图） 在岸边障碍物旁形成一个漩涡

Eddies are usually places of relative calm in which we can rest, or pause to read the next section of rapid, before we commit ourselves to paddling it. We often paddle a river by hopping from one safe eddy to another.This can be visualized by imagining the main flow of the river as a fast moving conveyor belt and the eddies as a series of stable platforms which we can hop on to, in order to rest and get our bearings.

In slow flowing or low volume technical rivers, eddies are usually calm places. In fast flowing, high volume rivers, the counter current can be fast flowing and the water in the eddy fairly turbulent.

In the worst case scenario the recirculating current in an eddy can feed you straight back into the main current, or into a hazard you were trying to advoid.

* Eddy lines--The eddy line or "eddy fence" is a visible line on the surface of the water that marks the border between the main flow and the counter current. Think of it as the point where the edge of the conveyor belt meets the platform. When one aims to eddy-out or eddy-in, at an angle of, say 45°, the angle is between the directiong of travel and the main flow, which is not necessarily the same as the general direction that the river is heading in.

*Eddy zones -- On less powerful rivers the line between the eddy and main current will be quite distinct at the top of the eddy. However, the line will gradually become less distinct and broaden so that it becomes a zone rather than a line.

In very hight volume rivers flows, the whole eddy may be huge and full of swirls and boils. On this type of river it may be better to stay out in the main flow until the rapid loses power and the eddies become calmer. When you go for an eddy, choose where to cross the eddy zone so that you end up in a quiter part of the eddy.

Figure2-11 Habretooth Rapid (Grade IV) Clearwater, BC. Note the huge boils in the eddy on river left (top right of photo)

行走66 · 2010-02-13 04:41

Standing Waves 驻波

Standing waves are formed when fast flowing water hits a layer of relatively still water. The waves that are formed are of "green" water, i.e. water that isn't full of air bubbles, although the very tip of the wave may curl over and therefore be frothy.
驻波形成时，水流速度撞击一个相对仍然水层。而所形成的海浪是“绿色”水，即水是不充分的气泡，尽管的波一角可卷曲的过去，然后延伸出去。

On most rivers they make great play-spots, where boaters can practice their surfing skills. We can use them to surf from one side of the river to the other, thereby saving energy.
在大多数河流，船夫实践中使用划船冲浪技巧去获得更好的玩点。我们可以用它们来冲浪从一个在河的一边到另一端，从而节省力气。

Last but no least, the top of a standing wave can be a great place from which to get a view of the river to come.
最后（但至少），驻波顶部将是一个可以看到壮观河景的好地方。

Figure 2-12 a huge train of standing waves, they appear to be jogging on the spot. Padding downstream straight over them is like riding a roller coaster. Sliverback White Nile,Uganda. Photo:Mark Rainsley.
图2-2 显示了一个巨大的驻波顶端，像过山车一样。

行走66 · 2010-03-01 05:46

这段翻译不太好，没接触过这种水，期待高手帮忙

Stoppers 跌水

Stoppers are formed when water that has speeded up as a result of flowing over a drop needs to get rid of the extra energy that has thus been created. It does this by sending the water that can't flow away normally rushing to the surface. Some of this water is then forced to recirculate back into the stopper. The technical term for a stopper is a "hydraulic jump"
跌水形成时是由于水流的加速下跌，作为水流的下降超过了所需，结果照成额外能量被创建，它发送的水不能马上流走，而急于在表面上。这部分水，被迫重新卷入发送回来。这个术语称为“水跃”

Figure 2-13 a hole 图2-13 一个大洞
Figure 2-14 raft flip in huge hole. The good news is that the swimmers will be flushed through, although it will feel like a long time down in "the green room." The Bad Place, White Nile. Photo:www.swiftwater.rescue.at
图2-14 橡皮艇在大洞中翻转，好消息的是，虽然他们感觉在“一个绿色的房子”里呆了很久，最后这些游泳者还是被冲刷出来了。一个糟糕的地方，白尼罗河

HOLE(Noisy)--There are different types of stopper and at one end of the scale is the hole. In this kind of stopper all the action takes place on the surface. Therefore, although it will hold a buoyant would normally be flushed through the stopper in the green slab of water that is below the surface. The fact that the action is on the surface also means that they are visually very obvious and tend to be quite noisy.
洞（噪音）-在一个终端如果有不同类型的跌水将形成一个洞。这种类型的跌水将发生在水的表面。

Friendly holes make great play-holes, in which to learn the skills needed to get out of the not so friendly noes. Small holes can be deliberately "side-surfed" and used to stop and get a good look at the way ahead.

行走66 · 2010-03-27 12:47

Figure 2-15 （上图）a more manageable sized hole or play-hole
Figure 2-16 （下图）a deep recirculating stopper

The angle of the face of a hole is usually relatively shallow. Steeper faces make side surfing difficult, if not impossible, and are often referred to as pour-overs.

HYDRAULIC (Quirt)--At the other end of scale is the hydraulic deep recirculating stopper. As the name implies, most of the action is happening below the surface.When the volume of water involved is taken into consideration, these stoppers are relatively quiet.

This is a dangerous type of stopper because the backwash will often hold a swimmer. They are also dangerously deceptive because the water isn't very aerated. This means that to the untutored eye it may appear as if the water is fairly calm.

The critical factor is the distance between the slot and the boil line, in other words, the length of the backwash. As a rough guideline, anything over half a boat length is probably worth walking around.

Natural stoppers are rarely 100 percent surface or 100 percent deep recirculating. Due to the uneven nature of the river bed they are normally a blend, and often exhibit different characteristics through-out their length. So you may find that one end of a stopper is very "grabby", while the other end is very forgiving.

行走66 · 2010-04-08 08:53

Open Versus Closed--More importantly, most, though by no means all, natural stoppers will have one or more weaknesses where the recirculation is broken and the water flows through. These may be caused by a break in the underwater feature that is causing the stopper or by the fact that the stipper is not at 90° to the main flow. In the case of the latter, some of the recirculating water flows towards the downstream end of the stopper.

Unless you are 100 percent certain that you can power through, or in certain cases jump over a stoper,you should keep well clear of any stopper that does not have a weakness that will allow you to escape its clutches. These are called "keepers."

Figure 2-17 juping over a stopper that has no obvious outflow. The cameraman is also standing by with a throw line in case that the paddler blows it. Sermenzina,Italy.

Smiling OR Frowning--Many "surface" and "pour-over" stoppers occur when water flows over an isolated boulder in midstream. If, when facing downstream, the resulting stopper makes the same shape as a child's drawing of a smile,the backwash will be recirculating in such a way as to feed boats or people into the outflow and out of the stopper. If the stopper appears to be frowning, the backwash is recirculating back into the stopper, and is best avoided.

Fingrue 2-18 (left) smiling stopper viewed from side (Note how muddy water makes it harder to read the water)
Fingrue 2-19 (right) frowning pour-over stopper seen from upstream. Skeena River,BC