皮划艇安全系列之二：大河事故特征和救援

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-19 22:03

过去大河漂流事故里，最有名当属长漂，黄漂，还有几年前的郭铮。

云南南盘江漂流突发惨剧，二人失踪，一人遇难- 磨房

长漂黄漂不尊重漂流科学反户外安全的原则我们没必要展开讨论，郭铮的事故因为考虑很多漂流前辈的悲痛感觉，很少被分析过，其实这加上长漂和黄漂， 是典型的大河flush flood drowning事故，失温因素多大，估计每个悲剧有不同的故事。 

很可惜，大侠漂过大峡谷和其他国内著名的大河，我能肯定，他没有对大河事故大河救援有过深入研究，也没有经历过领队的严格安全训练，当天做了一个致命的判断和决定。能读懂这个事故，就能避免不少悲剧的发生。由于好些大侠朋友还访问水版，只提一次，不再把那件悲剧往下分析。道理和下面的讨论分析，应该十不离八九。

“失温确实是水上运动的第一杀手。八十年代长漂和黄漂死了那么多人，我做了一个粗略的统计，发现其中绝大多数死于失温，真正淹死的很少。”水哥说的话。

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-19 22:07

游泳在快速流动的大河，想上岸是一种很艰辛的事。特别是当皮划艇朋友喜欢上大河峡谷。

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-19 22:41

这是著名的科罗拉多河WESTWATER一段，几十年以来，发生了几十起死亡事故，基本全和FLUSH FLOOD DROWNING有关（伴有失温），可谓最经典大河事故区。当然本身也很精彩，明年本团队可望有实力征服这段河但排不到时间。　

http://www.americanwhitewater.org/content/River/detail/id/1840/

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-19 22:49

大河不能以宽度来定义，更科学的用流量，我换算下来，３００立方米／秒，即可以叫大河，８０立方米／秒以下可以称为小河。
。
上边的峡谷大约３０－５０米宽，流量１０００－１５００立方米／秒

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-19 23:09

flush flood drowning　也不是指洪水特有，是说类似洪水，大流量的快速水致命与突发洪水－山洪有类似之处。

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-21 02:32

快速有激流的大河，游泳有一个特点就是河流把你往前，往主流里推，与往岸边游是对立的，加大上岸难度。有一次在科河，游了十分钟，离岸还是有70／80米远，没有进展，快崩溃了。

于是同伴来了，抓住船尾一块努力，才摆脱困境。

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-23 15:14

Westwater 案例1：

http://www.americanwhitewater.org/content/Accident/detail/accidentid/3513/

“A Colorado man drowned in Westwater Canyon on Thursday when his raft capsized on a rapid, according to the Grand County Sheriff’s Office. Jaymond W. Brasher, 47, of Littleton, was thrown from the raft along with three other people when the group hit Skull Rapid in the Colorado River at about 12:45 p.m., the sheriff’s office said in a Friday news release. The group’s three other members found Brasher’s life jacket as they pulled themselves from the water. Brasher’s body was found about eight miles down river, washed up on an island, officials said. Brasher is the 11th person to drown in a Utah waterway since April 15.”

背景：2011 年洛基山遭遇了25年一遇的丰雪年，也就是大水年，估计水量是2000立方米/秒， 这段30公里的经典峡谷，有10几个大河三级以上激流组成，其中四级俩个。

事故很简单，最难四级激流翻了， 三人上岸，一人尸体在下游13公里处发现。估计当时流速达 10公里/小时，那么说这种地方游个1小时，冻不是你，也会折腾死你。

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-24 14:54

Westwater 案例2

http://www.americanwhitewater.org/content/Accident/detail/accidentid/3222/
Salt Lake Tribune

Despite a rare genetic disorder that confined him to a wheelchair most of the time, 17-year-old Timothy Rau learned to downhill ski on a snowbike, climbed mountains and did the Iditarod with the Make a Wish Foundation. The Fraser, Colo., teen was rafting on the Colorado River on Saturday when the craft overturned. He was sucked into the rapids and drowned.

Rau's death was the fifth drowning fatality in the Moab area this year, a number police said is the highest in more than 20 years. It also was the second death at the same rapids in less than two months; an Ohio man drowned in the same spot Memorial Day. "The river is taking its toll this year," said Grand County Chief Deputy Curt Brewer. He attributed the rise in part to the large number of people boating and swimming.

Rau was on a private trip with a group of family and friends, Brewer said. They were traveling on three rafts between the towering red-rock walls of Westwater Canyon. He was riding with his mother , who Brewer said has about 25 years of rafting experience, and a family friend. They hit the class-3 Funnel Falls rapids about 1 p.m. Something went wrong and the raft overturned, dumping all three into the Colorado . Rau dropped out of sight in the churning water. He was wearing a life jacket, but his illness limited his mobility, Brewer said. A nearby kayaker saw him get sucked under by a second class-3 rapids, Skull Rapid. He stayed under for about 15 minutes, until two kayakers just beyond the rapids pulled him out of the water and onto another of the rafts. Someone started CPR and the group paddled out of the remote canyon to the Cisco takeout, about an hour away, and called for help, Brewer said.

When paramedics arrived, they couldn't revive him. He was pronounced dead at the scene. Grand County Sheriff Jim Nyland said that the group was well-prepared and experienced. "It's just an unfortunate situation," he said.

要点：出事的是残疾人（就当不会游泳把），大筏相对很安全， 7月初是大水量

前一个3+ 激流翻了，被冲倒下一个最难的4级激流，被漩涡困住达15分钟，被拖上后，已经没气了。

这个教训：像黄河大峡谷，就三级，总体不是那么难，估计过了浪区就是快速水道，给了救援各种机会。皮划艇须对漂流全程必须很清楚连锁反应。

最危险的是情形：大河千万别在最难激流前的激流翻了， 如此， 人在游泳过最难激流已经精疲力尽了，凶多吉少。反而在最危险的激流下翻船出事可能性要小不少。大河漂流必须有最坏的分析和准备， 连锁反应是大河漂流安全的一个关键。

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-24 15:33

Westwater 案例3

http://www.americanwhitewater.org/content/Accident/detail/accidentid/3077/

Updated: 05/26/2009 02:23:52 PM MDT
An Ohio man died Monday when his raft overturned on the Colorado River, marking the end of a dangerous Memorial Day weekend in southeast Utah. Dennis L. Young, 57, of Columbus, Ohio, was washed down river after his raft flipped at Skull Rapids in Westwater Canyon. The other two people from his raft got out of the water quickly, but Young may have been in the water 20 minutes before other rafters extracted him, said Grand County Chief Deputy Curt Brewer.
Young was wearing a helmet and life jacket, but likely passed out from the cold water and drowned, Brewer said. The group continued to a landing spot at Cisco where they called law enforcement. Heavy rains created flash flooding in southeast Utah just as outdoor enthusiasts and concert- goers descended on the area for the holiday weekend. The Salt Lake Tribune (5/26/09) http://www.sltrib.com/ci_12450911?source=rss Ohio man killed after raft overturns in Utah May 26th, 2009 @ 10:02am MOAB, Utah (AP) -- Police say an Ohio man has been killed after his raft overturned in the Colorado River in southeast Utah. The Grand County sheriff's office says 57-year-old Dennis L. Young, of Columbus, Ohio, was one of three people in the raft on Monday when it flipped over at Skull Rapids in Westwater Canyon. The sheriff's office says the other two people in the raft got out of the water and could not resuscitate Young, The Salt Lake Tribune reported on its Web site Tuesday. They continued to a takeout and then called law enforcement.
KSL.com (5/26/09) http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=6607781
Man drowns rafting near Moab
Posted: May 26, 2009 10:52 AM PDT
Sheriff's deputies say an Ohio man is dead following a rafting accident yesterday at Westwater Canyon in Utah. The Grand County Sheriff's Office says 57-year-old Dennis Young was rafting with two other people and a dog in Skull Rapids. They say the raft flipped and two men and the dog were rescued, but Young floated down the river. Once Young's body was recovered, efforts to resuscitate him were not successful. Young was wearing a life jack and helmet at the time.

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-24 15:45

这个世界著名的骷髅头骨激流，继续制造事故。骷髅头骨最强大的地方，是如果不刻意走左边，右边是一个非常厉害的漩涡，打翻大筏可能性〉70%， 什么小船硬艇〉95%， 一旦翻了，又难上岸水速奇快，大河事故的经典机制就出现了。

大家可以想想如果你参加这样的活动，有什么办法或决策可以减少出事概率？

上面这个案例：5月底水温10-15度（不太低也不高）水量不小，是漂流活动最容易小看的温度，太冷嘛，早有保温准备，太热嘛，也不会因为温度出大事。很多人忽略了小看了这不低不高的温度。

这个案例判断是失温+自救能力差导致。

这个案例对领队有重大的教育意义：是你的义务强迫穿干/湿衣， 你自己最弱的队员是否能冷静处理长距离游泳。

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-24 16:00

大水的情况

http://images.travelpod.com/tw_slides/ta00/c9c/e8c/skull-rapid-green-river.jpg

小水的情况

https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7055/6938436039_9477994385.jpg

kurtyang04 · 2014-09-24 16:09

Westwater 是经典的大河峡谷：

还有一个是很多中国皮划艇手没有经历过的特点：

这个近二十公里的峡谷：如果是大大水，整个二十公里就是一个巨大巨长的激流，因为十个单个的激流由于水流快以及难上岸特点，全串到一块，如果你第一个就翻了没有有效救援，可能准备人体漂激流20公里， 10几个凶猛的激流，就是洋飞云大侠也会命丧黄泉。

在什么地方翻，在多少时间内实施有效救援是这种场景的最主要因素。

kurtyang04 · 2014-10-07 23:28

正像昊子大侠指出， 也是冰大侠去年黄漂刚开始寻找的东西，大河的主力军不是硬艇， 也不是小充气船， 而是摇橹船和大筏，而中国的皮划艇漂流这一块比较缺。不过最早的雅漂，长漂，黄漂，还有杨勇他们用的基本是大筏。这方面技术从来没有在网络上讨论过，发展也比较缓慢。

摇橹船和大筏， 作为救援和后勤的重要保障，是任何其他小艇无法做到地。

北美标准漂流大河的方式：
1 全部是大筏
2 大筏母鸡带小鸡充气船
3 大筏母鸡带小鸡皮划硬艇

我最近在这方面有所打算，专门开贴学习。本团队也刚制备了一套摇橹大筏。

kurtyang04 · 2014-10-09 15:09

案例4 非常经典
http://www.americanwhitewater.org/content/Accident/detail/accidentid/588/
NEAR MISS IN WESTWATER CANYON
By Slim Ray
A rescue class got a taste of the real thing On May 23 1991. I was teaching a class for Canyonlands Field Institute out of Moab, Utah. The CFI course, developed by Barry Miller, emphasizes dynamic, in-water rescue techniques for oar boats on big, continuous water. The clinic arrived Friday at Westwater Canyon. My co-instructor was Ron Griffith, who has had extensive big water experience in Utah and Westwater canyon. The students were all from S'Plore, a Salt Lake City group specializing in trips for special population (disabled, mentally retarded, etc.). There were four student boats, a student safety boat, and a safety boat from CFI. All were oar boats, and both instructors were in student oar boats. The Colorado river was about 8,000 efs when we put on, and rising.
Saturday night the trip had camped at Little Dolores, just above the rapids section of the Canyon. After a morning classroom session on the beach, the class did rapid swimming just below Little Dolores. By now the river had come up to nearly 12,000 cfs, which meant that most of the canyon was virtually one continuous big-water rapid. The class proceeded downstream, doing safety and rescue exercise in the rapids. After a boat towing exercise, all boats from the class had eddied out below Funnel Falls Rapid. Most of the boats were just below the rapid; however, my boatman had trouble catching the eddies (the water was a lot pushier and the eddies smaller than most of them were used to) and ended up in an eddy a hundred yards or so below the main group. Ron was with the upstream group.

kurtyang04 · 2014-10-09 15:11

As everyone bailed, two oar rafts approached Funnel Falls. The second boat, flipped at the top of Funnel Falls and began washing downstream down. At the high water level (11,500 cfs), Westwater Gorge is virtually continuous boiling, swirling water, making rescue difficult. The upstream CFI group saw the flip and moved into position for a rescue. The boat accompanying the stricken boat, however, continued through the rapid and was unable to render assistance. The CFI student boats came alongside the upside-down raft and began a rescue attempt. At the time they had no idea how many victims were involved. Only two heads were visible. One of the crew of the overturned raft, Steve, attempted to get on top of the boat, failed, and was picked up by one of the CFI boasts. The other person's head, (this was Mike Franklin), was barely visible alongside the overturned raft. The rescuers reached him quickly but were unable to pull him out of the water. After several long moments it became obvious that Franklin was hung on something. One of the CFI students got on top of the raft and another into the water to try to rescue Franklin. They were unsuccessful.
Meanwhile the entire group was moving rapidly downstream toward Skull Rapid, the largest rapid in the canyon (the distance between Funnel Falls and Skull is about three-quarters of a mile). Because of the power of the water, the group was unable to tow the overturned raft into an eddy. Rescue attempts continued until the group reached a point about 200 yards above Skull. The group had passed me and I was trying to overhaul them downstream: a slow process. As Ron passed he yelled to me that he thought we had someone entangled in a throw rope. As I approached I could see Franklin's head surface from time to time. Ron's raft was now next to Franklin's and he had him by the shoulders of his lifejacket. Angela was at the oars. I still had my swim fins on from the swimming exercise. After hearing Ron's shouted comments about the rope, I took off the heavy rubber gloves I was wearing and took out my knife (it was a folding Gerber; I did not open it). As our raft approached, I saw that 1) because of the number of rafts already around Franklin's raft, I wouldn't be able to get to it quickly, and 2) somebody needed to get in the water with the victim, so I went in and swam about fifty feet to the raft. Ron and I began frantically to try to free Franklin. When it became obvious that we were all going into Skull Rapid, Ron waved off the other boats to run Skull. We tried to keep contact with the victim as we did so. Ron kept hold of his life jacket, I tried to hold the boats together and keep hold of Franklin, and Angela somehow managed to row the two boats through Skull without hitting the (very large) hole. During the ride though Skull I got the victim's lifejacket free of the spare oar. As it turned out, the blade of the spare oar was pushed through the right arm hole and between the top and second snaps of the victim's Type V lifejacket. I was able to free him by unsnapping the top buckle. Ron had also had the foresight to brief everyone on how to run Skull before we left the beach for the day, and all the student boats made it through upright.

kurtyang04 · 2014-10-09 15:13

After Franklin was freed, Ron was able to get him into his raft in the tailwaves of Skull Rapid, while Angela rowed into the eddy on river left. A quick survey showed that Franklin was breathing but unconscious. He became responsive within a few minutes and fully regained consciousness after 5-7 minutes. A check with other members of the party revealed that two other raft passengers were missing. The overturned raft had continued downstream after Franklin's party, had eddied out at Skull. Ron quickly organized a search/rescue party of two rafts, a CFI student boat and the CFI safety boat, and headed off downstream in search of the missing rafters. I stayed in the eddy in Angela's raft to look after Franklin, who was in fairly serious condition.
Ron proceeded about 3/4 mile downstream to find the upside-down boat hung on a loop from a throw bag in swift current below Last Chance rapid (the last one in the canyon). He and Mike Smith (who was rowing the CFI safety boat) began rescue attempts and a search for survivors. They first tried unsuccessfully to bump and push the boat off with their rafts as they passed. Finally Ron succeeded in swimming out to the raft, just in time to see a person floating away from under it. Mike picked the man up. This was Lester, one of the missing passengers. While Ron retrieved the raft and checked underneath for the second missing passenger, Mike continued on around the bend. He proceeded half a mile more (the water was flat here) with the intention of stopping on a beach to warm up Lester. There he found Sarah, the other missing passenger, sitting on the beach, incoherent. Smith quickly set up a camp, changed the victims into dry clothes and sleeping bags, and gave them hot drinks.

kurtyang04 · 2014-10-09 16:42

测试 Upstream 我不知道为何贴不了全文。

作者Slim Ray 是世界上最知名的白水救援教材作者， 应该是白水救援的顶尖专家。他的书我5/6年前就拜读第一遍了。